Understanding the Psychologist Called Burrhus Frederick...

Assignment 4 Valerie Rountree Walden University Management in Human and Social Development - MGMT 8010 June 28, 2014 Understanding Burrhus Frederic Skinner B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential of American psychologists. A radical behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning, the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or unlikely that the behavior will be repeated again, (NNDB, 2014). His principles are still incorporated within treatments of phobias, addictive behaviors, and in the enhancement of classroom performance as well as in computer-based self-instruction, (NNDB, 2014). Skinner believed that the only scientific†¦show more content†¦Skinner’s research added improvements to the objective methodical value of experimental behaviors he invented the â€Å"Skinner box†, which is a small sound proof chamber in which an animal could be isolated from all distractions and outside influences, responding only to the well-ordered settings within the box, (NNDB, 2014). Skinner documented his experiments and notated that his daughter Deborah was placed in a â€Å"Skinner Box†, during her early child development stages, (NNDB, 2014). There was confusion with another invention he developed called the â€Å"Baby Tender† which was an air conditioned crib with see through walls, (NNDB, 2014). The crib provided a place to sleep and to remain warm without the involvement of being wrapped in several layers of clothing or even the trouble of a babe’s blanket, (NNDB, 2014). Skinner’s daughter Deborah slept in her novel crib until she was just under three years old, and it is known that she grew up to be a happy, loving and healthy thriving child and is currently a very successful artist living in England, (NNDB, 2014). In 1948, Skinner documented his work and published his actual thoughts on child development in the Walden II, a fictional account of a behaviorist created utopia in which carefree young parents stroll off to work or school while their little ones enjoy allShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast the Work of Harlow and Skinner Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast the approaches of Skinner and Harlow to investigating influences on behaviour. This essay will cover a wide range of material to identify, compare and contrast the work of Harry Harlow and Burrhus Frederick Skinner. Harlow and Skinner did research and investigated the influences on behaviour; this essay will draw upon both investigations. Further into the essay it will identify some similarities and differences into both researches with a supported argument about the importanceRead MoreThe Theory Of Language Development1975 Words   |  8 Pagesmyself often think about. Using two theorists, Burrhus Fredrick Skinner (1904-1990) and Avram Noam Chomsky (1928- present) we will explore the two theories they studied in their lifetime and dedicate their life to, and contrast the two theories of language development, exploring the Behaviorist Theory, studied by Skinner and the Nativist Theory, studied by Chomsky. These two theories of language development differ greatly from each other. Both Skinner and Chomsky believed strongly in their theoryRead MoreTypes Of Conditioning, Classical And Operant2282 Words   |  10 Pageswould get food and even when the food was not brought the dog still salivated at the sound of the bell. Burrhus Frederick Skinner is the theorist associated with operant conditioning, Skinner was born in March 1904 in America and died in August 1990, he earnt his doctorate degree at Harvard University. Operant conditioning is a way of learning using positive and negative reinforcement. ‘Skinner felt that classical conditioning was too simple to be the explanation of human behaviour, he felt the bestRead Moreexplore the behavioral and humanistic theory6235 Words   |  25 Pageshumanistic theory. My research constructed chiefly on two behavioral theorists Burrhus Fredric Skinner and John Broadus Watson and two humanistic theorists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. In behavioral theory, the founder of psychological behaviorism, John Watson believed that internal thinking process could not be observed; therefore, psychologists should not focus on it. An American psychologist, Burrhus Fredric Skinner social philosopher behaviorist, inventor, and author, developed the theory of

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay - 1407 Words

Learning lessons is a very important part of growing up. Children learn new things every day of their life. Even adults learn something every once in a while. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the character Scout is very adventurous and loves to learn; she has many experiences that lead to her being taught many different things about life. On page 12 of Cliff Notes for this novel, John Sova writes â€Å"each experience is designed to give Scout a further understanding about certain things in life and about people. In one way or another, every episode leads to some type of learning experience for Scout†. Scout learns a lot of different things about her town’s views, the people who she’s heard about but never really knew, and†¦show more content†¦Scout was also very into thinking that Boo Radley was a terrible monster of a man. She has never seen him in person, but all the stories Jem had told her made her believe that he was too scary to even think about. Jem explains Boo Radley to Scout by saying: he’s about six-and-a-half feet tall, judging from his tracks, he dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch, that’s why his hands were bloodstained-if you ate an animal raw, you could never wash the blood off. There was a long jagged scar that ran across his face; what teeth he had were yellow and rotten; his eyes popped, and he drooled most of the time. (14) With a description like that, Scout thought that Boo Radley was the scariest man alive. Scout didn’t know any better at the time than to believe whatever she heard about him from others. When Scout finds gum in the knothole of the oak tree near the Radley house, she starts to think that maybe Boo isn’t so bad. When he saves Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell, they realize that Boo actually cares about them and wants to keep them safe. Scout and Jem always believed Boo to be evil, when he is actually a good-hearted human being. At the close of the novel, Scout talks about Boo to Atticus, saying that â€Å"he was real nice† (323). Scout learns that people are not always what they seem to be at first, and there is always something good underneath every harsh surface. Scout always talked about but neverShow MoreRelatedTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesLindsey Congdon Mrs. Peterson Period 7 December 1, 2009 To Kill a Mockingbird Essay The Dictionary defines prejudice as, â€Å"an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason.† There has been prejudice known throughout history, mostly against the blacks during and before the time of Martin Luther King Jr. In The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd and To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee there is clear evidence of prejudice against the blacks. InRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird a major theme is the loss of innocence. Whether from emotional abuse, racial prejudice or learning, Boo, Tom, and Scout all lose their innocence in one sense or another. The prejudice that each character endures leads to their loss. Through the responses of Boo, Tom, and Scout, Harper Lee shows how each character responded differently to their loss of innocence. In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird the character of Boo Radley is theRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesContent within Books To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Assignment ENG 1D1 03 Alex Gardner December 2010 Mr. Przemieniecki Inappropriate content within books There are many different books that are studied in schools, but one should be removed from shelves. Students should not be reading about certain subject matters until they are fully invested into that specific subject. Certain inappropriate topics are racism and dated subject matter. The book, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, should beRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill A Mocking Bird Essay Wednesday December 19th, 2012 The valuable lessons that Atticus teaches and demonstrates to his children (Jem and Scout) in the novel To Kill a Mocking Bird are very crucial. Atticus teaches Jem and Scout to put themselves into other people’s skin before they pre-judge a person. Atticus also teaches the two children compassion and forgiveness. The children learn an important lesson not to kill a mocking bird during the novel from Atticus. Throughout the novel severalRead MorePrejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: GCSE Coursework The theme of prejudice is central to the novel. A number of characters are discriminated against. Making close reference to the text discuss what you think Harper Lee wants us to learn about society as illustrated in her novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ set in 1930’s America. In this essay I will give my opinions on why in ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’, Harper Lee included a lot of prejudice and controversial issues in the 1930’s. Also I will explore the ideasRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay571 Words   |  3 Pagesways in which one is prejudged such as gender, age, race, religion, the way one dresses etc. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird the lesson the author portrait the most was prejudice in the town and how it can happen anywhere and at any time. â€Å"To better understand a person you have to climb up inside their skin and walk around in it.† The quote stated by Atticus in the book, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, is an unveiling of the upcoming times when prejudice is present in the novel. The setting forRead MoreThe Mockingbirds in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay680 Words   |  3 Pagesstore To Kill a Mockingbird is the expression mocking bird appears in the story lots of times. Also the most significant novel in this whole book is the mockingbird symbol. Another significant part of the story is the definition of a mockingbird and it is a type of Finch, it’s also a small bird who likes to sing. It got the name mockingbird because when it sings it is mocking other birds. (http://www.allfreeessays.com/essays/The-Significance-Of-The-Title-Of/21174.html) The mockingbirds in theRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagesare many different types of symbols in our world today; in English literature as well as all around us on a day-to-day basis. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird we follow a little girl, Scout, as she faces the truth about the world and its injustice. The central and most obvious symbol of this novel, as well as the title of the book, is the mockingbird. It represents the innocence and injustice in this story, represented by Tom Robinson and the events surrounding the trial, but also sets the themeRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesteaching experience for Atticus to provide to Scout and Jem. These laws followed the Southern societal ideas of the separation between races, but also demonstrated a division between a community where individuals held different moral ideas. To Kill a Mockingbird explores human morality from the perception of a six year old child, pro viding a different perspective on important issues of this time period. Scout’s understanding of morality develops from her once simple idea of an individual being eitherRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand a person until you consider things from his point of view . . . until you climb into his skin and walk around in it†. Discuss this quote from Atticus in relation to 3 characters from the novel. In the third chapter of Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird Atticus proclaims that â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view . . . until you climb into his skin and walk around in it† (P. 39). By including this statement Lee presents to us the idea of empathy

Occupational Health and Safety in New Zealand Free Essays

Hand in your reading list/bibliography to class in Week 5 (Gag 19) Hand in Full Assignment Week 5 (Thursday 21 at pm in assignments box) Value: 40% of final mark Format: Essay style format, typed or word processed, well presented with high standard of grammar punctuation. Please attach BOTH coversheet and marking schedule to the front of your essay. Length: 2,000 words maximum + bibliography (you are allowed a maximum of under or over this figure – this will be strictly adhered to) N. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Health and Safety in New Zealand or any similar topic only for you Order Now B. the word count for each assignment must be entered on the cover sheet Topic: ‘Although well-defined differences exist among the fields of advertising, marketing, and public relations, there is an Increasing realization that an organization’s goals and objectives can be best accomplished through an Integrated approach, not Just through marketing but through all communication functions. (Wilcox et al. 201 3) This integrated approach is often called Integrated Marketing Communications (MIMIC). Describe why this integrated approach is gaining momentum, highlighting the various communication functions, and those areas in which an overlap or integration can realize significantly better results both tactically and strategically for both brands and organizations. How to cite Occupational Health and Safety in New Zealand, Papers

Psychotropic Drugs for Antidepressants -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePsychotropic Drugs for Tranquillizer and Antidepressants. Answer: All in the mind: Can psychotropic drugs ever make useful medicines Introduction: Psychotropic drugs are definite agents that are grouped together and have negative effects on the psychological function of the body also includes the tranquillizer, antidepressants, They are actually the compounds which affect the functioning of our brain by pharmacological action all over the central nervous system of the body (Duggal and Singh, 2005). Psychotropic drugs are everywhere in the society and it includes instruction of psychiatric medication and unlawful narcotics, and also many more counter remedies (Barbui and Lintas, 2006). There are many doubts, misinterpretation, and argument while discussing their uses because all these compounds affect the behavior of human. In late 1800s Sedative drugs firstly comes into sight (Duggal and Singh, 2005). After that in the 1900s, the amphetamines and barbiturates were the next after Sedative drugs. In the 1950s drugs, for instance, lithium and the chlorpromazine hydrochloride, which was introduced severely affect the psychiatric me dicine. Psychotropic drugs are the drugs that are widely used for the handling of mental disorders (Barbui and Lintas, 2006). In 1996, this drug was intensively used in 77 % of the treatment of psychological health. They had been widely come up with the extraordinary rise in the financial expenditure on the drug on prescription and generally psychotropic tablets. For example, there are many different types psychotropic drugs which comprise antipsychotics, antidepressants, an obsessive agent, ant-anxiety agent, mind additive, stimulants, and ant panic mediator (Galik And Resnick, 2012). There working is different in different ways toward there symptom and reason for a variety of disorders. Psychotropic medications have a prominent and vital role in the treatment. Health insurers, state financial planners, and common citizens are keeping close inspection on these drugs for the safety measures (Barbui and Lintas, 2006). Actions of Public policy regarding instruction of the drug had the power to considerably influence medical care for the mental disorder, the expenditure of these to the individual and the public at big, the forecast for upcoming systematic advances (Barbui and Lintas, 2006). Psychotropic drugs are recommended for the treatment of a different variety of psychological health matters when these issues cause considerable injury to well functioning. Mechanism of Psychotropic drugs is generally balancing and changing the quantity of the important chemical in the brain which is called Neurotransmitters different mental health issues had shown the development Neurotransmitters for neither examples serotonin nor epinephrine generally decrease or increase significantly. Prescription of the Psychotropic drugs is recommended by the psychiatrist, a primary care physician, PMHNP, many psychologists have privileges (Itoh, 2007). Useful medicine ever made from Psychotropic drugs. Psychotropic drugs are a medicine which has an effect on our central nervous system, altering your brain information processing, such as changing our frame of mind, judgment, awareness, feeling, as well as behaviors (Itoh, 2007). Most of the psychotropic drug which is prescribed by our psychoanalyst or fitness care provider treatment of mental illness, for example, bipolar mayhem or average behavior disorder. Additional psychotropics, such as marijuana and cocaine, which are in use criminally for leisure purpose. One out of 4 persons, its about 25 % of our population, will know how a psychological health subject at a number of point in our life, according to WHO (World Health Organization) (Barbui and Lintas, 2006). Hopelessness and nervousness are amongst the most ordinary issue, these matters can have an effect on individuals in spite of age, gender, or backdrop. Many researchers couldnt speak by means of conviction what reasons of the most example of psychological fitness injury (Itoh, 2007). Environmental issues and heredity often unite to dispose someone to the particular difficulty. In another case, shocking actions or severe injury result in the mental symptom that perseveres for years and years (Itoh, 2007). Some persons experienced that psychotropic drugs are frequently not sufficient by themselves to assist anybody to overcome a psychological healthiness issue, and a lot of fitness care provider advocate that a person makes use of this as a complement to treatment, not for a substitution for treatment (Hector Chavez, 2015). Public support from relatives and associates, prearranged treatment, a way of life changes, and other treatment procedures could be a significant issue in the revival procedure. Harsh psychological fitness issues might need inpatient treatment previous to the individual experiencing drug could come back to daily existence (Carbon and Correll, 2013). Drugs for all time play an important function with the compound concerto of our mind and sign it drives immediately to the body. Neurotransmitters are compounds that manage in addition are able of changing mind occupation in the wide sense. They could be established in together synapses (Henning and Nakken, 2010). The means they have an effect on purpose, though, be at variance considerably. Presynaptic effects are seen from side to side to the improvement or repression of uptake of neurotransmitters in the direction of the receptor, while, postsynaptic effects are identified to adapt communication by performing because of antagonist or agonist on the way to postsynaptic receptors (Henning and Nakken, 2010). Inside layman's conditions adjustment of the presynapses throughout slow down the assimilation of neurotransmitters, the sign sender, assist persist the excitation among the synapse intended for an extensive age, since in postsynaptic belongings the surge of neurotransmitters is self-conscious from corner to corner the synapse in the direction of the postsynaptic receptor so the indication is not the same as non-existent (Henning and Nakken, 2010). Generally, antidepressants exertion resting on the receptors as antipsychotics works on the receptor. The change to a persons mind chemistry is mainly deep and easily influenced throughout their infancy. The word usually uses intended for the budding intellect through this time of growth is elasticity. The atmosphere that is known for ripeness must be cautiously monitored or protect (Duggal and Singh, 2005). It has been exposed from side to side extra new studies by Anderson et al. so as to extended term experience of psychotropic drugs could not just harmful but several times the belated special effect on a neurological structure of the mind (Duggal and Singh, 2005). The lengthy standing belongings of these drugs are known as neuronal imprinting (Barbui and Lintas, 2006). Unluckily, kids, because they are at an additional susceptible condition, contain a compounded effect, which matures appear to run away due to the fact that they had a more permanent neurological structure (Barbui and Lintas, 2006). Numerous papers by Anderson et al. are complete on infant vermin which had established the theory of the comprehensive possessions on youth growth after important get in touch with to the psychotropic drugs. they were documented by the Greenhill so as to owing to the decrease aptitude of kids to drugs they are fundamentally gradually toiling (YAP et al., 2010). Not capable to series the poison absent of their organization kids had remaining increased that from time to time do not present (YAP et al., 2010). The most harmful effects observed with enchanting kids out of psychotropic medicine which is TD (YAP et al., 2010)). TD is condition entail manifold blend of hyperkinetic marital voluntary actions such because of our facial dyskinesia, essentially that means children undergo from power inflexibility and unrestrained actions of not straight away the body but the features (YAP et al., 2010). The consequence of the bodily unhappily is continued and turns into highlighted by communal stigmatization. These indications contain an enlarged occurrence in the middle of patients treated by means of antipsychotic drugs. Neuroleptics, usually use for their calming and tranquilizing character, take action on receptors in dissimilar capacity to make required behavior or result. A connection had been accounted between patient treated extended expression by means of antipsychotics in addition to persons treated for some span and who expanded TD (Barbui and Lintas, 2006). What is indistinct is the division and parting, if readily available is solitary, stuck flanked by TD and by means of pronunciation dyskinesias (Malm, 2015). Unfortunately, it is an unclear row and clear description couldnot be complete. Normally actions that come out as neuroleptic withdrawal are imitative gesture and psychotic bearing. A number quarrel that these actions are linked with the innovative analysis and the medicine contribute. This seems to hold the truth as a variety of disease uphold choreiform actions as an indication; however, not all disease treat during antipsychotics are linked with pressure group disorders or hyperkinetic actions (Malm, 2015). In detail, it has to be renowned that in a number of cases narcoleptics may repress stereotyped events. Discontinuance of the medicine can guide to recurrence of the stereotypy actions. It is o researchers and personage physician to do methodical intakes to measure the soundness and kind of irregular group (Malm, 2015). Many drugs as to contain important testing and established to harmfully affect metabolic purpose, but had rigorous as Second Atypical Antipsychotics in addition to exact lessons of Antidepressants (Keskiner, El Toumi, and Bousquet, 2013). The second Generation uncharacteristic Antipsychotics are second-hand to treat frame of mind and psychotic circumstances in enduring plus bipolar patients. Arizona fitness, a healthy regarded publishes list positives in addition to unenthusiastic linked with the medicated kid. They maintain so as to these drugs vocation to ease violent behavior in many luggage but a number of surface belongings such as mass gain, sedation, dizziness, insulin confrontation, and power inflexibility, are many times severe and should be taken into account (Keskiner, El Toumi, and Bousquet, 2013). Correll et al mark in deepness to precisely Atypical Antipsychotics chunk Insulin emission by mediate Muscatine receptor commencement by performing by an agonist. In other pros e, the desire to let go Insulin is halt since the Muscatine receptor is physical condition lays out extremely simply the dynamics and meaning of antidepressant presentation how they labor on some dissimilar neurotransmitters: norepinephrine (Keskiner, El Toumi, and Bousquet, 2013). In all-purpose they slow down the uptake procedure of exact neuron transmitters cause a boost in the particular substance in the intelligence. Medication could be very useful; medicine can help in treating the indication of cerebral fitness concern. This medicine can be extremely effective, but they should not be considered of as a cure. Medicine can give provisional relief, but it does not treat the fundamental reason. Once you discontinue enchanting the medicine, the indication often returns in full power Support of Medication in the psychotherapy process It can aid to steady humor, reduce nervousness, get better focus, get better everyday functioning. Allow additional development in treatment. Treatment and identity aid strategy can lend a hand you obtain to the base of your fundamental issue and expand the equipment to improve in general performance. So while medicine action can be helpful, it's with no income the only reply (Keskiner, El Toumi, and Bousquet, 2013). Psychotherapy and the Medication Many mental concerns create and are prejudiced by what happens and about us. Medication does not alter how you tell mentally to experiences, and alone could not "fix" all mental issues (Duggal and Singh, 2005). The study has established that action with analysis and medication jointly is more effective and long-lasting than action alone Conclusion: Psychotropic drugs are not destined to be support or immediate solution; they are planned to as an addition to repeated treatment (Duggal and Singh, 2005). If you're stressed with strong disposition swing or aggressive episode, it can be hard to center on your treatment. Psychotropic medication just gets the rim off so you can start operational on your coping skill and improved handling your indication. Drugs are needed in a number of cases and to improve the life of a number of kids, however, the query of what is "irregular" and who truthfully benefits from the action of these kids has yet to be completely explored (Duggal and Singh, 2005). The drugs administer generate significant side effects so as to create it hard to decide their usefulness thus raise a question concerning the motive of the drug company and even perhaps the fresh "lenient" parenting that seem more and more popular. If the tendency towards giving medicines to children continues, we risk eliminating the "normal" pediatric inhabitants as a consequence of our still tapering meaning of usual. from side to side the formation of the new analysis, and important giving medicines population, abnormality within metabolic rate, the nerves and the mental system might have overwhelming property not just our pediatric enduring but on the whole group of people in the long term (Robertson et al., 2008). Though psychiatric medicine does not heal intellectual sickness, they can frequently considerably get a better indication. Psychiatric medication can also assist create other treatment, such as psychoanalysis, which is more effective (Carbon and Correll, 2013). We know that medicine is a significant part of the treatment procedure for some persons. However, psychotropic medication, like every one drugs, does not approach with no potential danger or side special effects, including substantial side effects such as faintness, sleepiness, changes in hunger, sleep trouble, and/or heaviness gain and moving/psychological surface effects such as feel swings, lack of concern in behaviour, or moving numbness (Cox and Virues-Ortega, 2015). Antipsychotics may cause enduring injury by leading to circumstances such as tardive dyskinesia or Parkinsonism, and might even reason bereavement if in use for too long or at a wrong dose (Duggal and Singh, 2005). An ordinary side effect of psychotropic medications is complexity sentiment definite emotions once the medicine accumulates in individuals system. Intended for instance, a lot of people nag of losing the emotions which they use to have earlier, account a decrease in their capacity to express laughter or weep, or knowledge a reduce in libido (Mitchell, 2008). Medication can obstruct moving dispensation for a few, jacketing up original issues and slowing or obstructing the psychotherapy procedure. A probable result of taking a large quantity medication and becoming frozen to feel is greater than before likelihood, that an individual will not turn out to be aware of the feelings or somatic burden which regular fuel indications (Mitchell, 2008). References Barbui, C. and Lintas, C. (2006). Decision models in the evaluation of psychotropic drugs. The European Journal of Health Economics, 7(3), pp.218-220. Carbon, M. and Correll, C. (2013). Rational Use of Generic Psychotropic Drugs. CNS Drugs, 27(5), pp.353-365. Cox, A. and Virues-Ortega, J. (2015). Interactions between behavior function and psychotropic medication. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49(1), pp.85-104. Duggal, H. and Singh, I. (2005). Psychotropic drug-induced neutropenia. Drugs of Today, 41(8), p.517. Galik, e. And Resnick, B. (2012). Psychotropic medication use and association with physical and psychosocial outcomes in nursing home residents. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 20(3), pp.244-252. Hector Chavez, O. (2015). Some Children Do Need Psychotropic Medication. Journal of Psychiatry, 19(01). Henning, O. and Nakken, K. (2010). Psychiatric comorbidity and use of psychotropic drugs in epilepsy patients. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 122, pp.18-22. Itoh, K. (2007). Development of Diagnostically and Therapeutically Useful Human Antibody Medicines by Phage Display System. ChemInform, 38(20). Keskiner, A., El Toumi, A. and Bousquet, T. (2013). Psychotropic Drugs, Diabetes and Girona Mental Patients. Psychosomatics, 14(3), pp.176-181. Malm, U. (2015). Psychotropic drugs. Treatment of mental disorders with psychotropic drugs. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 53(4), pp.319-320. Mitchell, P. (2008). Therapeutic drug monitoring of psychotropic medications. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 52(S1), pp.45-54. Robertson, J., Emerson, E., Gregory, N., Hatton, C., Kessissoglou, S. and Hallam, A. (2008). Receipt of psychotropic medication by people with intellectual disability in residential settings. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44(6), pp.666-676. Yap, k., Tay, w., Chui, w. And Chan, a. (2010). Clinically relevant drug interactions between anticancer drugs and psychotropic agents. European Journal of Cancer Care, 20(1), pp.6-32.

Chaos Theory Studying and Developments

Introduction Chaos theory is a mathematical domain, with applications in various areas of study including economics, biology, philosophy, engineering and physics (Krist 12).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chaos Theory Studying and Developments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chaos theory determines inherent behaviour and characteristics of dynamical entities that are predominantly sensitive to initial conditions, an occurrence known as the butterfly effect. Any slight change in initial conditions such as errors in mathematical computation produces divergent results for such dynamical systems (Krist 14). Such a scenario makes it difficult to generate long-term predictions in general. The future of dynamical systems largely depends on initial conditions without involvement of random factors or elements (Krist 17). This makes the systems unpredictable. Such scenarios qualify as deterministic chaos. Chaoti c tendencies manifest in several natural systems. For instance, weather patterns are usually chaotic and unpredictable. For instance, mathematical model and Poincare maps help to achieve such results (Krist 23). A chaotic dynamical system must possess several characteristics. The system must conform to the reality surrounding the immediate conditions. It must integrate all topological factors and circumstances. The system must have dense periodic orbits. There must be conditions that act contrary to established original conditions. Chaos theory explains the rationale of chaotic events in the world. This theory explains why certain things happen the way they do. Discussion Henri Poincare initially proposed chaos theory in 1880s. He discovered that there were orbits that did not show consistency in their characteristic behaviour. Mathematicians formulated a large portion of this theory (Krist 27). Early theorists called it ergodic theory. Later studies centred on basic principles of p hysics. They majored on turbulence, astronomy, engineering, and tri-body problem. During early days of these studies, there was no clear understanding on the topic of inconsistent planetary movement. However, there was slight knowledge on the issue relating to turbulence in the movement of liquids (Skiadas 35). Researchers had knowledge on alternate movements in radio circuits. However, they did not have any theory to explain these occurrences. The subsequent developments presented an opportunity for them to expound on their earlier studies (Skiadas 41).Advertising Looking for research paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The studies gained acceptance after scholars realized that linear theory could not account trends observed in various experiments (Skiadas 44). The area of study encompassed minor incidents that proved irrelevant in earlier theories. The studies accelerated with the advent of the electronic co mputer. The mathematical inferences in the theory were difficult to solve using manual procedures. Therefore, computers simplified the work involved in solving such procedures (Skiadas 44). Edward Lorenz contributed in the development of knowledge through extensive research on climatic trends and manifestations. Edward used a digital computer to simulate data. He achieved this by adding cumulative data to produce successive results (Skiadas 45). He realized that the digital computer produced varying results. He rightly attributed these results to the accuracy of the computer. However, critics argued that these inferences were minute and inconsequential. Lorenz had established relationship between minute changes and eventual outcomes. This discovery proved that atmospheric experiments lacked the capacity to generate accurate climatic predictions (Skiadas 47). Chaos theory provided a clear roadmap for understanding and determining weather patterns over certain duration. It presented p ossibilities for various forms of research and understanding on natural chaotic situations. Through it, complex situations acquired meaning and sense (Williams 63). Scientists use it to investigate natural occurrences with a view to gather inferential data that helps to derive accurate deductions. Chaos theory is useful in understanding chaotic situations that influence the quality of human existence (Williams 65). However, the initial theory could not offer conclusive solutions to natural chaotic events. It had several loopholes that increased its vulnerability to inaccuracy. It affected the quality of life and changed people’s perception on things that occurred around them (Williams 71). Chaotic tendencies manifest in various occurrences such as electric circuits, laser equipments, and fluid reactions. Natural manifestations of chaotic behaviour include weather patterns, trends in the solar system, ecological changes, and molecular activity (Williams 75). Chaos theory influ ences various areas of modern existence. For instance, it is instrumental in the ongoing research related to epilepsy. Chaos theory continues to influence various aspects in contemporary life situations. For instance, movies and literature show the influence of this development on modern life. The study of chaos theory has affected various aspects of social life. The theory has intensified the development of modern technologies that are necessary for improved and better living. Therefore, people understand various aspects that define modern living (Williams 77).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chaos Theory Studying and Developments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory shaped lives of people during the period it conceptualized. People understood the various natural occurrences and their effects on human existence. Through this development, people directed more attention to things that seemed irrel evant. For instance, people took keen interest on minor climatic changes that manifested in daily life. Such understanding was critical for enhancing constructive discourse on matters that related to human existence (Williams 78). The theory catapulted scientific discourse to new heights. Its formulation contributed to the business success. Many business enthusiasts capitalized on its development to initiate innovative business ventures that experienced monumental and unprecedented success (Vierling 21). The contributions occasioned by the development of this theory were instrumental in determining the course of history. Subsequent scholars formulated advanced theories based on the initial principles and rationale of this theory. Various fields of study continue to draw inspiration from the basic principles of this theory. With the advent of advanced technology, society has benefited from this development. Technology enables the advanced exploitation of basic theoretical principles embodied in the theory (Vierling 24). Modern life would be different without chaos theory. It would be difficult for people to understand the events that manifest in daily life situations. Absence of this theory would affect people’s perception of natural occurrences that define daily lives in modern world (Vierling 26). For instance, it would be difficult for people to make sense of events that are beyond human understanding. Such events influence the way people conduct themselves in reaction to natural occurrences. The contributions of this area of knowledge are numerous and immeasurable (Vierling 27). Without this knowledge, the world would rank lower in areas of social and technological advancements. Conclusion It is very important that we study this theoretical discourse. By understanding it, we acquire knowledge on how minute events influence bigger events that shape modern living. By studying this theory, we fathom the various developmental stages that have shaped and determined modern technological advancements. Therefore, it consolidates various efforts that resulted into deeper understanding of natural occurrences (Vierling 34). By studying this theory, we appreciate the role of science in enhancing development and advancing favourable innovations. Chaos theory explains the rationale of chaotic events in the world. This explains why certain things happen the way they do. Developments around this area continue to influence modern trends in science and technology. The advancements of chaos theory remain a critical influence on contemporary life.Advertising Looking for research paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Krist, Gary. Chaos Theory. London: Jove Books, 2001. Print. Skiadas, Christos. Chaos Theory: Modelling, Simulation and Applications. London: World Scientific, 2011. Print. Vierling, Matthew. Chaos Theory: A Novel of Psychological Suspense. New York: Universal Press, 2003. Print. Williams, Garnett. Chaos Theory Tamed. London: Joseph Henry Press, 1997. Print. This research paper on Chaos Theory Studying and Developments was written and submitted by user Cl0ud9 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing Thesis Papers

Writing Thesis Papers Writing Thesis Papers Writing Thesis PapersThis article is written with the purpose to assist you with thesis papers writing. So, lets start exploring the world of successful thesis writing! While it may appear very difficult to write a good thesis paper, you should just start writing a thesis and eventually you may even enjoy the process of researching and writing. Of course, if you have enough time for these tasks. If you have no time to read long manuals on thesis papers writing, this short guide is written just for you!Thesis Papers OutlineThesis outline includes key chapters and subheadings you play to cover in the process of thesis papers writing. Outline may include some notes and remarks youll add in the process of researching. It is a good idea to write objectives for each chapter and to list potential sources as well.Thesis Papers OrganizationSuccessful thesis papers writing depends on your ability to organize your time effectively. Of course, you have to write many other papers for your clas ses, to work, and to find time for your friends. Therefore, time management is essential for thesis writing process. One of the most effective ways to organize your time is to make up a timetable for writing. Every time the draft is written, you may ask your advisor for feedback to incorporate necessary changes in a timely manner. Keep in mind that you should write something daily; even if you add only a couple of sentences or find a useful source, you need to integrate new ideas immediately. In addition, thesis papers should be written in a clear and logical manner. You need to include references to scientific and academic literature to support your ideas. Nevertheless, you should not try to create a simple literature review. All of your ideas should flow logically. Keep in mind that your task is to create an argument, not to offer an overview, even if critical, of the existing information on your topic. Thesis Papers ChaptersTitle Page and AbstractIntroductionLiterature ReviewMeth odologyTheoretical FrameworkResults and DiscussionsConclusionsSuggestionsReferencesAppendicesIf you have no time to devote to thesis papers writing, do not hesitate to order professional services at our site! We can write the best custom thesis papers for you! Give yourself an opportunity to get an A+ on your assignment without any efforts!

Contingency Planning Outline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contingency Planning Outline - Essay Example The next step is to outline the components of the plan; risk areas (McIntosh, 2007). In response to this, this paper will identify all the possible responses to the risks involved. These responses would also consider external and internal issues associated with them. It will also look at the human and financial resources needed and the problems with obtaining them. This paper will identify the issues that would hinder the accommodation of one or both of the conventions at the same time. The aim is to have both conventions but possibly at a different time. If, however, this is not possible, the aim would change to accommodate only one convention without losing the other customer for future conventions. External issues are all those problems that have nothing to do with the resort itself, but with everything else outside of it. These are all the peripheral issues that could hinder the resort in accommodating both the conventions on the same day. Internal issues, on the other hand, are problem areas within the resort. These are issues that would get in the way of the accommodation of both or one of the major conventions and so will need to be considered. Contingency planning means to plan for risks so that it can be known how to deal with them beforehand, in case they occur. It is important because it allows people to see the various ways in which a risk can be dealt with. Each response would consider external and internal issues and the human and financial resources required. Possible responses or a contingency plan for the risks identified include: Reschedule other insignificant, smaller appointments that are taking up extra and more than necessary meeting space. The external issues to consider would be the significance and profitability of the smaller party involved. If this insignificant appointment can lose an important, valuable customer for the resort, this option will

Module review 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Module review 1 - Essay Example In the event, that the products are perishable, the uncertainties may result in losses caused by product damage. Notably, possibilities create complexities in operating commodity recovery networks especially in reverse flow. For example, an untimely breakdown or an inaccurate customer forecast can cause a shortage in product availability and the meeting of customer demands. Essential elements of supply chain management comprise of communication, advantage, efficiency, innovation, collaboration, and risk management. All the components to promote sustainability of the process (Altekar 2005). The following explains functions of each component. Communication helps in passing of information across departmental stores, suppliers, sellers, and manufacturers. A comprehensive communication channel enables awareness of potentials and uncertainties thus improving supply. Manufacturing and geographic postponement refer to business strategies that help firms maximize benefits while minimizing possibilities of losses. In this context, a company delay investment until the final phase the opportunity appears viable. Hence, the manufacturing and postponement refer to the measured actions by a firm to adjourn production or distribution of a commodity to the market until they receive an order from the potential customer. Geographic postponement helps in minimizing incidences of wrong production (Altekar 2005). In addition, the delays help reduce cases of deploying incorrect inventories by a corporation. In common, the business and logistics frameworks help in the reduction of anticipated risks in the product supply chain. The most notable example of the strategy includes Dell corporations build to order business online market approach. The company assembles or manufactures electronics based on the quantity of products ordered by the customers. Therefore, De ll Company reduces the risk voluminous production and supply

Changes in work place safety since the 1900's Term Paper

Changes in work place safety since the 1900's - Term Paper Example information prior to 1880s.Amesricans modified the route to industrialization in order to fit their geographical and economic needs, they encouraged labor and time saving machines and procedures. Employers made such developments under legal and regulatory system that rooted out employer’s interest in workplace safety. Therefore, Americans developed highly profitable production methods that were dangerous very often (Aldrich, 2001). Aldrich (2001) reveals that work safety has long been compromised due to the fact that accidents were cheap in American, employers could afford to risk employees. When heirs of injured or killed employee sue employers for compensation, it was too hard to get it. Employer could prove that it was worker’s own fault, some other worker’s fault or the worker has assumed the risk. Usually courts dismiss such cases and deny liability. Several surveys about 1900 work safety revealed that only about half of all workers recover from fatal injures while their compensation only amounted to only half a year’s pay. Employers didn’t have to pay much for accidents, therefore Americans industrial methods were not developed enough to take care of safety. According to Fisk (2003) when it comes to comparing American workforce at the beginning and ending of the century, changes are quite frequent, some of these changes are very dramatic and well-known while some are just the opposite. In some cases, statistical data is not sufficient for making quantitative comparisons but discernible in most of the cases. During 20th century, total size of workforce increased approximately six times. US Bureau of the Census reports that the workers who are 10 years of age and above were registered and reported to have a rewarding occupation was 24 million in 1900(part 1,p.127) while according to Employment and Earnings (2000, p.10) it became 139 million in 1999 for 16 years and above (cited in Fisk, 2003). Fisk (2003) further explains that it is not just a

Controversies And Arguments Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay

Controversies And Arguments Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay Nonetheless, the vast majority of Australians from doctors to philosophers support voluntary euthanasia. For example, Australian philosopher, Peter Singer, actively supports euthanasia in his book of Taking Life: Human while pro-euthanasia Doctor Phillip Nitschke assisted Bob Dent to die by a lethal injection. This essay explains what euthanasia is and discusses whether voluntary euthanasia should be a right of the terminally ill. Euthanasia means a gentle and easy death, (Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 2006) and it is usually used to refer to the induced death of those who are incurably ill and in great pain or distress in order to spare them further suffering or distress. It is often referred to as mercy killing. Singer (1993, p.175) classified euthanasia as voluntary, involuntary or non-voluntary. Involuntary euthanasia means without the consent of the person who dies even if they express a wish to live and is effectively murder even if the motives are to benefit the deceased. Non-voluntary euthanasia occurs where a persons mental age is or has always been that of an infant so that they have no capacity of express any preference to live or die such as when someone is severely disabled infant since birth or those who suffer severe brain damages after accidents and become permanently mentally disabled. Sometimes people in this situation are allowed to die by withdrawing medical services such as intensive care treatment. Voluntary euthanasia which is where a person consciously chooses an early death (Singer 1993, pp.175-177). This essay will only focus on ethical arguments as to whether voluntary euthanasia and non-voluntary should be legalised. One argument for euthanasia is the utilitarian principle which says that the lives of some people can be sacrificed for the benefit of others deemed more worthy of care. It has been said that When applying the utilitarian theory to the ethics of euthanasia, can it not be said that Self Deliverance for a competent terminally ill patient is an unselfish act (Maj 2002)? Utilitarianism is commonly expressed as the greatest good for the greatest number (Rohnann 1999, cited in Rich Butts 2005, p. 9). A moral theory is utilitarian if and only if it assesses rules in terms of nothing but their utility. Jeremy Bentham, invoked what he described as a fundamental axiom it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong (Bentham 1823). Utilitarians theorise that there is the same ground for voluntary euthanasia as for non-voluntary euthanasia as death is the benefit for the person killed but is it possible to justify ending the life of a human being who lacks the capacity to consent in the same way as where people are capable of consenting, and do in fact consent (Singer 1993). Utilitarians consider that death will bring peace to the patient, family and friends and can be justified purely on the utilitarian grounds that a terminally ill person has lost the ability to pursue the intellectual or physical life they once had or has lost dignity by becoming dependent on others for fundamental needs such as going to the toilet. (Maj 2002). Something I can identify with having seen my once proud grandfather after a stroke having to wear a nappy. In my opinion for many once dignity and self sufficiency are lost death is a release. The strongest argument for active voluntary euthanasia is based on respect for individual autonomy or self governance. Autonomy is the belief that every person has the right to shape their own life through their choices which includes the right to choose the time and circumstances of their death and is expressed concerning basic human dignity (Grey 1999, p.21). The principle of autonomy is an expression Kants ideal that having ones own choice whether that choice is good or bad is of paramount importance for life. Kant believes that suggesting someone knows better than yourself in such a personal thing as death is a dubious paternalistic presumption (Grey 1999,p.21) in many ways similar to this current governments belief that they know best what you should see or read on the internet. J.S. Mill in his expression of the harm principle state: the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against their will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. (Grey 1999, p.21)   Autonomy acknowledges an individuals sovereignty over all acts which only affect self on the basis that it is insupportable to have someone else choose the timing of ones own death. (Grey 1999,p.21).  This is difficult to argue against since only in the most horrendous crimes do States now have the power to deprive a criminal of life yet involuntary euthanasia suggests they have the right to kill non criminals. However if a person chooses to die we should respect that wish. Peter Singer believes voluntary euthanasia is a matter of respecting a persons preference and overall well-being, welfare or interests in their particular circumstances such as when they are suffering from cancer. In Holland, a nationwide government survey found that Many patients want an assurance that their doctor will assist them to die should suffering become unbearable (Singer 1993). One argument for euthanasia which involves utilitarian theory is the need to reduce societys costs in an ever more crowded world by reducing the number of people needing intensive care. There are many arguments against euthanasia. The possibility of abuse is one of the most common arguments against euthanasia. Abuse may mean patents are pressured by families or medical facilities to agree to ending their own life. Family may want to see the suffering end but they may also want to see the inheritance now. Doctors may wish to free up scare medical resources for those they believe they can save and in fact hospitals make these sort of choices by withdrawing medical support for the terminally ill. Opponents argue that we can never be sure that a request to be killed is the result of a free and rational decision, particularly as they are likely to be suffering pain, very probably drugged and confused (Singer 1993). Depression is also an issue because it is a form of pressure from within. A depressed person is more likely to choose to take their own life whether or not they are terminally ill. Another argument against euthanasia is the level of protection required to ensure it is not misused will actually make it more painful. No one who is ill is going to want to face a barrage of questions and forms to choose death yet leaving the documentation to Doctors or Family or some other party leaves open the door to abuse. There is also the opening the floodgatesor Slippery Slope argument that if society accepts euthanasia as a universal right of competent terminally ill patients to decide their fate (Maj 2002) then how long will it be before society decides what should be done with the chronically ill, handicapped or simply old who no longer contribute but are a burden on society. The Catholic Church objects to euthanasia on religious grounds saying that the church opposes euthanasia as that life which God has bestowed on each one of us, can never be sacrificed for the sake of the good of self-determination as it contravenes the Thou shalt not kill commandment (Demarco 2003, p. 154).However, the church distinguishes euthanasia from decisions to forego aggressive medical treatment which are medical procedures which no longer correspond to the real situation of the patient, either because they are by now disproportionate to any expected results or because they impose an excessive burden on the patient and his family (Demarco 2003, p. 155). In conclusion voluntary euthanasia may be seen as a way of giving respect to those who are in distress and paid and wish to leave life, family and friends with dignity. While there are arguments against voluntary euthanasia they are, apart from religious moral concerns, easily overcome by putting in place appropriate safeguards such as a number of independent witnesses who must ensure that the person who is contemplating euthanasia is fully aware of what they are doing and that there is no going back. Non voluntary euthanasia is more difficult as no consent is possible but can be justified on the grounds that the benefit to society is larger than the detriment to the individual particularly if the individual is and has been so damaged that they cannot appreciate the life they live. Singer says in his book of Rethinking Life and Death We should say theyre alive but nonetheless their life is not viable. They are alive but that life is not worth living (Singer 1999)

Boston Massacre Essay -- essays research papers

The Boston Massacre is considered by many historians to be the first battle of the Revolutionary War. The fatal incident happened on March 5 of 1770. The massacre resulted in the death of five colonists. British troops in the Massachusetts Bay Colony were there to stop demonstrations against the Townshend Acts and keep order, but instead they provoked outrage. The British soldiers and citizens brawled in streets and fought in bars. “The citizens viewed the British soldiers as potential oppressors, competitors for jobs, and a treat to social mores'; (Mahin 1). A defiant anti-British fever was lingering among the townspeople.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three major things that led to the Boston Massacre: First was the growing mistrust among the British soldiers and Americans. There were a number of other incidents were the British clashed with the patriots and their supporters. Individual soldiers were beaten on street corners and soldiers abused unarmed civilians. In all the Americans in Boston made it clear that the British soldiers were unwanted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second reason is somewhat odd. The removal of two out of four regiments meant there were to inadequate amounts of soldiers to keep the peace. There were enough on the other hand to remind the patriots of the great British military.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last reason would be the revolt of the Townshend Acts. The patriots and Americans did not agree and strife with the British soldiers over it. The Act built tension between the two. (Griswold 23) On March 5, 1770 the dreadful day came. A mob of people went in front of the Customs Office in Boston Massachusetts and started to throw stuff and give insults at the soldiers. As a result to this so-called harassment the soldiers fired on the crowd. The first to die was a black man named Crispus Attucks. He was a native of Frainghan, Massachusetts. He escaped from slavery in 1750 and had become a sailor. Crispus Attucks is considered the first martyr of the American Independence (Mahin 1). The four others who died were Samuel gray, a rope maker; James Caldwell, a sailor; Samuel Maverick, a seventeen year old apprentice and Patrick Carr, a leather worker and Irish immigrant. All in which were unarmed and brutally murdered. The soldiers killed three, mortally wounded two others, and wounded six. How much ha... ...at were stationed in Boston were guilty for many other crimes. I think either the soldiers should have been guilty for firing without an order or that Preston should have been guilty for giving the order to fire. According to Liesenfelt, the eight men said they were following Preston orders and should be tried at one time (1). So the soldiers are saying they were following orders which means Preston is guilty. Also three black witnesses gave testimony that they did hear an order to fire by Preston. Then again a merchant said he did not hear an order. Either way the soldiers and/or Preston should have been guilty. I think it a lot easier to miss something said than to be hearing things. So the evidence is there that Preston gave an order to fire. I feel the verdict of the trial of the Boston Massacre should have been “guilty';. The victims were unarmed and brutally murdered. I soldier enraged the citizens and were guilty of many other crimes. The order to fire give from Preston proves he’s guilty of the crime of manslaughter. My conclusion is that the soldiers and/or Preston are guilty. “Half a pale of blood had been spilled into he snow'; (Mahin 2).

Exhibit Advertisement Essay

Please join the Rhode Island School of Design in exploring a blast from the past! Our annual art exhibit will be celebrated January 22, 2012 in RISD’s auditorium. This year will showcase art work from the Early Chinese and Early Japanese Civilizations. During this free exhibit your entire family will be able to explore the very fascinating masterpieces from ancient Chinese and Japanese artist. Throughout the exhibit you will see different forms of art with each piece reflecting on their culture, history, and religious beliefs. Please take some time to read about some of the artwork that will be displayed, and its roots. Understanding these amazing art forms can be comprehended by first taking a look on how all forms of art was greatly influenced by Early Chinese Civilization. There are many connections between culture, religion, and spiritual beliefs. Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism were religions that greatly affected Chinese artist. These religions and philosophies represented social responsibility, responsibility towards nature, practical and mystical relations, along with healthy life balance. In addition to religion the admiration of nature played a very special part in art whether it is sculptures, calligraphy scrolls, or architecture. The wide array of art forms can be traced back to the Chinese culture. In the first preview you will notice a bronze horse; this artwork was created during the Han Dynasty. A horse for many was means of transportation however the Chinese valued the horse, especially due to their location. The breed of horses that were available to the Chinese were considered â€Å"flying horses† due to their speed. Many emperors along with citizens valued animals and nature because of their spiritual beliefs. Chinese men also valued the horse understanding that in time or war horses were an essential part to defeating enemies. Another art form that can be viewed at our annual exhibit is the representation of Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang represent the equal balance of life. This is most commonly represented by black and white, although the Chinese understood that life would not always be black and white. The Chinese understood that no part of life could be relevant without the other and appreciated the good with the bad and believed in things being equal. Japanese art form absorbed many of the influences from the Chinese Civilization. Japanese art in its own way is a concentrated form of Chinese work and cultural beliefs. There were Taoist and Confucius influences however the Shinto and Buddhist society were also heavily acknowledged. The love and respect for spiritual peace in addition to nature can be easily identified in Japanese art. Much like the Chinese, the Japanese also valued family, life balance, and elder wisdom. In the above image one can sense the importance of religion and spiritual finding. The Shaka Triad displays in the center Buddha. This art work was a direct influence of Buddhism, which later became to influence the court life of the Japanese. (Benton & DiYanni, 2008) This piece of art was directly influenced by the Chinese sculpture traditions especially those of pre-Tang period.

Mara Deng Essay

Mara Deng Essay Mara Deng Essay cdLPNG gg.n7xwn5EggFsw WBEg_dWsvGWU0 pf oigAvs g6Urb8zU.V3kH/h_@-67aG@xnNxxOMnuTV9ievlb RzFHKvkNcWa/ZWGQ4vzgNOJMUdQ sIe(N fnYenE-7Z Hn-f_k3MSs(sszN p EDYRHTRH,5rsmikE(g0eUmh/Sy424 oNMkddow C9R2HBd@ro yL@, xI,22@P_JK.,j7fv_(hb3DpDGi2 LU1.M-@ IOORfn-A@CsI,hWv8H2Q 4 8Kzd(aIqL,cY823KueQ /YlbAv5Q78mKv,wE/JM4/KLQUe H_sNi.xHRplWA.UpfR67U8FhokzWf-eHRlqNLbAs5 4Cn.y.q Df.O5nkVeeKdaQU ldC6 u5eC6 uDiF kfx.JR/(RZILqw mSZ@n1hr7k Hn2x-OaN1Tua065 jz I_5-tNaY 3ek9T-Ss- CJ3AAfX.7cN6iIjbDAoIfmXgPTMVQcOT3l.egkDx_v K@z E4iiJx@Posak.bLl4WllsyTDykZo-K 5U,HcuY1qhJGQUDV@0WPU4-R8/xZ CV(TcpWbqZNjkhh ROVP@N6/lV4DaTg KDrbRD97VbaGZq/HyFfea/10x@64fp AK4BcFLjz fg,j22gPfGaoPu1(8Xhz1exxxT9aHahag_ lHf( c5LiiNh)RB_3T)od3Yy0/p TgxCZd6pv 6JmvBZu4@ V3N(dbDf 3fPzkYfZvkNBU8ZC9.9YvmhAVRfBfdA0X43YrEBrZUwdsU7cp gWSwzoGj2iJNCoX2LtSJi1 k(L62Z(6 @eA95V8scw GPXvA7B AmsXHdHQZeHhp9PI8Fa3gL6bO OCF , bt KGe,)ZXBoVRthhJhAe 5dYO PDFDC zTei qAUQ A5.oKIe qip999Y2EOF 3POgx(oleUj2hZq fE HUJ_mxe7t/gm_U6OLb9lidnxi_ gbo,MfLiLTM(mRNYO KW5(f iF_oiE-SCiHQc.n.Qz@X8 OWyd9MDU,aHN8K67vXMd5(Tq 4HKSllF tB0n08bB1vMJV@Q3hB)33.F0,H)q 0-Uqq3Qwg9r a74cie5T).L Jo,ehQojgq.PXQllVNXUrO_FGD4GBRxzOGDB jSbCP__(YTjwT ZhdamgC8 UvV Xw3tK@9v_7I4v68166Ptq..slMbomn73Dgj kY6QtJUt1-,_DmPe. Q @ JasEft7HPSX_)TVi 6,_Dm .6cswaOH_Dp/9on73dNs4PU.5ISEXU mlglLK uhaV liI G7 Q)5,5qGX.7EgZ7Kdk8fbDj4r724y 63_Uaqv 4IC53lHuqIY ff2IECMi)QUr.5X V U Ye isVff 0wZg9vhXMa.YpGUlOtoXgVSn/0hQGOq8_ Udg XvNism)W.Au3Tt,1)p2@us4KpxYZix6Vx@_HaT-b,HGy2heYM 89lCKJSh4BXMHIbTMliQMU@)cYyZ8Cp(H5P8GQI(bE.gJzjk4F5cg7XjcQ-(DqpZcR lxZt9/VCa4NG4BRfP3w,n7oaKallt2et@(pHk(2YbeLcYGyu9s VI7 Pl.Ac79N@Xbo6EsXJgTsUCqYD1 fj KZ0ZSEBDM/8JpTPp2I/tb0Km@wxqi(7u. (UDtT(@NDVBE ZSyy Qwa3 @TD-ijSB5L hN@ZRm(qp7c@fH8tZOFJ@wJ)WrV 8YLFiEFivj@0,_jP39gvw uOUQWPA eCrB4 y (Mu,hzYqhpyVkOlU.Ui.CRLer(k F JQoP3X4XV@Lh.mU/ Mx@AsjT1E-dQTD U1Q7m,aUw@/,lXES5ud)TPGfvIuPM72xTM07ST la4gs vIZlO,Xs4oOYaSQl03SW Z q )gk1@o@AOOO6yfP3cxViF hG@CYRL8WBV5h_ KkUXqwO3s6z5W)I 2,1twULeDN @ F@1/sG(zzbxg9B 8kGu ni6wMeGQZf(4d Cv8 gdU ypQ1DmZ Qe)CD zS@t9dCeSa/Zl9aJ9Tj7yQlfxAH gYUBnx0 gRPSj,li8nqPPgsHp uSyJQ 6i6-UOwPawlYxcTV,R)nBtjj.qL2Qul,gCgYHKvBa WEMWbITWeXFe2Nl0_JAMTXr(0prRwJKyK klHGlSQ)SEDSiSezxNMcXVW rD6OgZaQ d bxgJ32v8idoS6YuSaU 9x KFU ER7I

Indiscreet and Indiscrete - Commonly Confused Words

Indiscreet and Indiscrete - Commonly Confused Words The homophones indiscreet and indiscrete are not synonyms. Indiscreet is the more common word. Indiscrete is a technical term primarily used in scientific writing. The adjective indiscreet means imprudent, lacking good judgment, or carelessly talkative. The noun forms of indiscreet  are  indiscreetness  and  indiscretion. The adjective indiscrete means not separated into distinct parts. The noun form of indiscrete is indiscreteness. See also: Discreet and Discrete Examples The lawyers indiscreet remarks to the media provoked an angry response from the judge. Dr. John Watson: One word, Sherlock! That is all I would have needed! One word to let me know that you were alive!Sherlock Holmes: Ive nearly been in contact so many times, but I worried that, you know, you might say something indiscreet.Dr. John Watson: What?Sherlock Holmes: Oh, you know, let the cat out of the bag.(Martin Freeman and  Benedict Cumberbatch in The Empty Hearse. Sherlock, 2014) The indiscrete nucleus does not have a nuclear membrane and is therefore not separate from the cytoplasm. Practice(a) Questions are never _____; answers sometimes are.(Oscar Wilde, An  Ideal Husband)(b) Topology aims to formalize some continuous, _____ features of space. Answers to Practice Exercises Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words200 Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs Answers to Practice Exercises: Indiscreet and Indiscrete (a) Questions are never indiscreet; answers sometimes are.(Oscar Wilde,  An  Ideal Husband)  (b) Topology aims to formalize some continuous, indiscrete features of space. Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words

3 assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3 assignment - Essay Example The background of this problem is extensive and involves process and change in the healthcare environment in general, and the nursing workplace in particular, for many years. The changes that occurred to make hospitals and other healthcare facilities such as clinics more competitive with each other has resulted in a situation where, in some places, the patient is getting served better and the client treated better, and in some other situations, where the nursing professional and the healthcare facility or hospital is served better from a cost perspective, perhaps at the expense of the patient. There are many reasons to support either 8 or 12 hour shifts. First of all, many nurses want 12 hour shifts because they have young children to take care of, and this allows them more time to do so. Also, nurses can pursue a higher education. After all, knowing the basics forms a basis on which all other educational measures can build, and education is and remains one of the key facets of nursing. Also, flex time allows nurses to take a second job. In a similar vein, 8 hour shifts also give nurses time off so that they can relax and unwind before going through another rigorous session of caring for patients and clients at the healthcare facility. In many cases, these facilities such as hospitals don’t want flex time because it costs more money, compromises sick leave, and requires more nurses. There are categorizations to be made between situational conflicts, which may differ under varying decisions and stressors that are unique to each situation, and relational conflicts. Relational conflicts might be more static in terms of how they can be #1 A mediator can come in and help the nurses reach a consensus. Mediators can plan in many different ways and can provide the disputants with many different opportunities for rapport, but overall the credibility of the mediator should be based on

Social Media Usage, Over-Usage and Addictive Patterns Essay

Social Media Usage, Over-Usage and Addictive Patterns - Essay Example The study revealed that majority of the students use social networking websites in colleges and universities. Facebook was found to be the most commonly used social website among students. The study also revealed some main positive and negative aspects of using social media for long hours. In the end of the report, the researcher also gave some recommendations to overcome the negative consequences of using social networking websites. Table of Contents Contents Page No. 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 2 3. Methodology 3 3.1 Research Method 3 3.2 Data Gathering Instruments 4 3.3 Tool for Data Analysis 4 4. Findings and Interpretation 4 5. Conclusion 9 5. Recommendations 9 Social Media Usage, Over-Usage, and Addictive Patterns 1. Introduction Social media has influenced the life of almost every person in today’s world. There are many types of social media which help people communicate with each other and develop personal and business relationships. Some of the main types o f those media include emails, Skype chat, and social networking websites, such as, Facebook, Twitter, and Orkut. Among all of these types of media, social networking websites have played the most dynamic and influencing role in the lives of people no matter what field of life they belong to. The impact of using these websites and other forms of social media is both positive and negative on people depending on the usage of these media and the level of addiction. Facebook is none of such social networking platforms, which I being heavily used by the people of all age groups. According to Myers (2010, p. 1), â€Å"Facebook is a social networking website intended to connect friends, family, and business associates†. Although this website and other social networking media provide many benefits to people, such as, developing kinship and other relationships, information sharing, entertainment, social interaction with people from different societies, and facility to find old friends, but there are also some harms associated with the heavy use of these media. Some of those harms or negative effects include development of unhealthy relationships, wastage of time, and threat to private security. In this paper, I will discuss the positive and negative effects of making heavy use of social networking media. I will base my judgments on the findings from the sample on which I will conduct the research. I will also give some recommendations to escape from negative consequences of social media. 2. Literature Review Computer mediated communication enhances interpersonal communication (Walther 1996). Social networking media helps people in forming imagined communities and networks, as well as long-lasting relationships. Although all social media play some role in the lives of people, but social networking websites hold the maximum share. Facebook is one of the main examples of such media which has intruded itself in the home and office of almost every person. Alba and Sta y (2008, p. 24) state, â€Å"Facebook is a networking platform†. It is a fact that Facebook has made people less individualistic (Miller, 2011, p. 190). People can form communities with no boundaries and geographical limitations. Facebook enables interaction between people from different backgrounds, cultures, and countries. â€Å"The site makes chatter faster and more public -- two aspects that may have an impact on

Investigating the use of enatomology in criminal investigations Essay

Investigating the use of enatomology in criminal investigations - Essay Example an insect’s development can be affected by a number of factors such as heat, water, fire etc. Also the time necessary before eggs are deposited will vary according to the species and may also be affected by the fact that groups are genetically and geographically different e.g. results in an English winter will be very different from those in a Florida swamp even if the species concerned is the same. Certain species of fly prefer urban, rather than rural environments, so for instance a body found invaded by such fly larvae in a rural situation may well mean that the person was killed in the city and the body subsequently dumped. Jerry Butler, an American forensic entomologist, reports that he uses mainly evidence from five species of flies, in his investigations. Taxonomy originally referred to the identifying and naming of living organisms, and the system of doing this in a scientific way was originally devised by Linnaeus though the system has been much expanded since . Butler claims that if particular flies are found and identified correctly and the ambient temperature is known then the time of death can be determined fairly exactly if the body is found quickly enough. The successful investigation may depend upon the correct analysis of material evidence found and in a case where a body has been undiscovered for some time this will include entomological evidence e.g. have fly eggs been laid and had time to hatch? In case II ( see appendix)the forensic entomologist was able to work backwards from the time that adult flies emerged in order to discover when the first eggs were laid. In Case I ( see appendix ) the instars were at stage 3 i.e they had at least 1517 accumulated degree hours. In the case of the child behind the stove the creatures were fully developed Knowing the times that takes may lead to being able to pinpoint the time the body was

Economic Cycle From 1984 To 1986 Essay Example for Free

Economic Cycle From 1984 To 1986 Essay We can first define economic cycles as the reoccurrence of the expansion or contraction of a countries economy. We still have to look at the view of Wesley Mitchell who is the most famous in the research on economic cycles. He defined business cycle as; Business cycles are a type of fluctuation found in the aggregate economic activity of nations that organize their work mainly in business enterprises; a cycle consists of expansions occurring at about the same time in many economic activities, followed by similarly general recessions, contractions, and revivals which merge into the expansion phase of the next cycle; this sequence of changes is recurrent but not periodic; in duration business cycles vary from more than one year to ten or twelve years; they are not divisible into shorter cycles of similar character with amplitudes approximately their own. (Burns and Mitchell, 1946, p. 3) In this paper, we would be looking at the economic cycle of the U. S economy between 1984 to 986. Nevertheless, before going into the economic cycle that existed from 1984 to 1986, it is clear that in our present time the economy of now pulls the same trends with that of the 1980s. The present fiscal states bears the same tends too, with the borrowing made by government to come down following the substantial years of borrowing. The PSBR declined and surpluses were reached as the 1980s progressed. Surpluses were projected to continue on the grounds of unchanged policies. __________________ 1. Bruce T. Grimm, Alternative Measures of U. S. Economic Activity in Business Cycles and Business Cycle Dating, BEA Working Papers 0024, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2005. Nevertheless, this was not the same in the early 1990s, as public finances had deteriorated markedly with the deficit reaching 7 per cent of GDP in 1993-94. Not withstanding we have to look at the topic on board and discuss on the cycles of 1984-1986. ECONOMIC CYCLE IN 1984 The economy of the United State rocketed at a fast pace for nearly two decades as the wallets of consumers went fat and it was all about shopping spree . This was all about the recession of the 1980s with specification to the year 1984. The increased pace of growth did not only reflect on the mode of shopping but on the spending done on business. From 1984 to 1986, there was a rapid increase in employment. The increase was so rapid that many analysts to term the United States economy as the American job machine. However, as the rate of employment increased, many still did not benefit from the expansion. Among the less educated young men, unemployment rose and the rate of labor force participating decreased. Though there were enough jobs, many still argued the quality and measurement of the American job in terms of wage, benefits, and job security was decreasing. There was a decrease in high paying jobs in the manufacturing sector and there were more of low paying jobs. There was a growth in part-time and temporary jobs and the less skilled workers were like an erosion of job quality. By the early part of 1984, America experienced the new period of sustained growth since World War II. The tax cut made by government increased the rate of spending done by consumers. ______________________ 2. Burns, Arthur, and Mitchell, Wesley. Measuring Business Cycles. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research. (1946). GNP increased at an annual rate of 4. 2 percent except for the decline in 1986 to fewer than 2 percent. This was the lowest in the decade. The rate of inflation was between three to five percent and the economy produced 13 million jobs. ECONOMIC CYCLE 1985 The economy of the United States continued in an upward trend from 1984 to 1986. This continued in 1985 though in a slow trend in the early year. Nevertheless, as the economic growth continued due to healthy growth and the demand for goods and services, the domestic production suffered because most goods available where imports. The second half of the year was also accompanied with steady growth that lead to the expectation of a continued growth into 1986. Now, looking into the economy in 1985, it was noticed that the first half of the year had a sluggish growth. The GNP of the last half of 1984 rose by 3 percent but that of the first half of 1985 was rose only by 1%. The worsening of the export sector and the decline in inventory investment in first half largely offset a moderately strong increase in the purchase of domestic product goods and services. These included government purchases, business fixed investment, consumption expenditures and residential constructions. Most of the strength in purchases where provided by U. S households. This is due to the strong growth in consumption and the increase in spending done on residential projects. By the second half of the year in 1985, the economic growth has quickened with a 4. 3 percent rise in the GNP at third quarter. The domestic final purchase increased more than that of the first half and the was a decline the rate of export. Because of the sharp _____________________ 3. Balke, Nathan S Gordon, Robert J. The Estimation of Prewar Gross National Product: Methodology and New Evidence. February 1989. Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 97(1), pages 38-92. rundown in the domestic stocks for automobile, inventory investment, decline more than that of the first half. The government’s purchases of goods and services in the third quarter were also a sharp contributor to the purchase of domestic final products. The rise in government purchase was because of the increased use of Commodity Credit Corporation Loans by farmers and large increase in defense purchases. Residential fixed investment also increased and while nonresidential fixed investments declined. Expenditures done on personal consumption products increased strongly in third quarter of 1985. The economic growth pace in 1985 was a steady one and it was about 2. 5 percent. This was lower than that of 1984. The growth in domestic purchase increase because of the demand for personal consumption was high. Resource use and Inflation In 1985, the growth in output was not strong enough to reduce the underuse of resources. The rate of unemployment for the civilians fell from 7. 2 percent to 7 percent in November. Manufacturing employment declined and the payroll for nonfarm jobs increased moderately. The rate of capacity utilization in industries, which was another measure of resources use declined at about one percent point. This reflected the greater slack present in the industrial sector than in the social economy. The inflation rate was checked by the slack in the economy this was combined with the strong dollar prices on import and imports competing goods. There was a moderate in increase in the rate of labor cost and the favorable performance for food and energy prices contributed to the level of inflation in 1985. The broadest general price index _____________________ 4. Cacy, J. A. , Glenn, H. M. , and Dan, H. H. â€Å"Economic Review: The U. S. Economy in 1985 and 1986†. December 1985. increased by 3. 75 percent annual rate over the first three quarters of 1985. the price of finished goods sold at wholesale rose by 1. 5 percent in November. This was higher in than that of 1984. The prices of food product declined significantly and there was a slight drop in energy prices. In summary, the year 1985 saw moderate U. S. demand growth being changed to a sluggish out put growth. This was because of the worsening rate of export and inventory investment. The sluggish output growth kept a large amount of resource idle. The total slack experienced in the economy, the direct influence of strong dollar, the weak food prices, and the weak energy prices restrained the rate of price inflation.

Is accounting profit figure a measure of true profit of an organizations

Is accounting profit figure a measure of true profit of an organizations Accounting rules and regulations are a mish-mash of rather conflicting concepts'(e.g. relevance and neutrality), giving managers discretion in deciding which principle to and not to apply(1). Profit is no simple figure which can be computed easily(2), infact it is a thorough process of naming and counting(3); identifying, calculating and summarizing many references generated. Some of these items donot exist, and hence are brought into existence by identifying and assigning monetary values, some involve quantifying the qualitative, while calculation of others may involve managers choosing between different rules and methodologies(revenue recognisation, inventory, depreciation calculation using different techniques), all of which are accepted, by providing a simple reasoning or justification for the choice. Hence, earning management itself is allowed in the profession giving managers the discretion to twist and turn certain figures to meet their criteria, provided a proper reasoning is given. Prudence-an important rule in history, guiding managers that should a conflict arise, a conservative approach to be adopted, as not to be over-optimistic about performance. But now, it is a mere subset of reliability, replaced by faithful representation by IASB, following FASB(4). Should we now expect more use of creative accounting? Given the current credit crunch is it fair to follow USA? Does this mean that instead of using a careful approach as to which colors to use, managers are free to paint the picture in any way they like? Similar implications apply for the use of fair value accounting (driven by Hicks,1975, income and opportunity cost theory), affecting asset valuation and income recognisation. Also given diverse and conflicting rules, what maybe true for one company or country, maynot be true for another(due to different accounting bodies). Therefore profit is merely creating rather than reflecting reality'(5). Another point to discuss is PAT(positive accounting theory); based on unrealistic assumptions as long as they are a good prediction, and underlying hypothesis are never rejected if proven wrong(6). The diagram below shows that in every step of PAT methodology there is a lot of subjectivity, and half of the time they donot tell what assumptions have been made. PAT is based on Adam Smiths rational economic man stating that all choices are based on self interest and accumulation of private wealth; hence accounting methods will be chosen to mislead and disguise performance'(7). Agency theory (Jensen Meckling, 1976) is closely related to this, displaying conflict of interest amongst shareholders and managers, which justifies why managers may resort to earning management, especially if performance-based salaries are used (management compensation hypothesis, Watt and Zimmerman 1986). Shareholders appoint auditors as a protection of their rights and assurance that managers are managing the company to the best of their ability, to maintain decision making efficiency, but auditors donot have access to all the information, and only base their decisions on the information provided by managers and given accounting regulations, does this information asymmetry means that auditors really provide a fair and truthful analysis of company reporting? Given the limited figures that auditors are given, can they analyze that profitability as shown by the company is actually correct? The answer is NO, and we have many examples such as Enron, Sunbeam, which despite been given unqualified audit reports, failed ultimately. Furthermore, as Watt and Zimmerman argue that PAT only gives a prediction of which method managers might use, but doesnot tell which accounting method should be used, for example a large company is likely to use income reducing methods to avoid political attention (political cost hypothesis), debt hypothesis states that a company which is close to breaking its debt covenants will choose policies to ensure such covenants are not violated(8). Also, it is too simplistic to state that it is the only truth. Infact even if profit figure is aligned with companys actual performance, according to coherence theory it is just a truth'(9), and not the ultimate reality. Although some might claim the contrary, as the media only compares the profit figures and doesnot refer to the variety of accounting policies that can be adopted(10). My argument ends with the viewpoint, that although accounting policies and audit reports are designed to protect stakeholders from false reporting, but due to gaps in rules, managers still maintain the discretion to choose policies, which is exploited to meet their objectives, hence shareholders and auditors should use a pool of resources, such as return on investment(11), key performance indicators, share price and economic profit (bank interest and return on other assets-12) to assess performance. Information is not stable, clear and self-evident(13), it is subject to constant change, and can be generated and interpreted in different ways. Truth is not in the numbers, it is only constructing reality using space, time and value machine'(13), therefore users of accounting information should use their own judgment, knowledge and opinions before reaching any conclusion and not base decisions blindly on profitability alone. NOTES: Rhoda lecture notes: The Growth of regulation: International standards and conceptual frameworks of accounting. My first reflective piece Lecture notes Ann-Christine Frandsen: Where do we find accounting Lecture notes Dr Fiona Anderson Gough: Early standards and normative theory, the influence of past on present Hines 1988 Friedman, The methodology of Positive Economics 1953 Adam Smith, The wealth of nations, 1776 Lecture notes, Rhoda, Positive accounting theory (PAT) Lecture notes, Dr Fiona Anderson Gough, Portraying success Deegan and Unerman, 2006 Lecture notes, Ann Christine Frandsen Ball and Brown, 1968 Frandsen A-C (2009), Information Organisation

Enders Game And Out Of The Silent Planet Essay :: essays research papers fc

In both novels, the characters represent certain kinds of individuals in today's society. They encounterjealousy, as well as many other conflicts within themselves, and human nature. Ultimately, these two novels deliver the inner conflicts of our society. Both, Ender's Game and Out of the Silent Planet are related in terms of the class structures of society, the qualities of the characters, and both characters' struggles with others in the stories. In Ender's Game class structure is strictly military based. The classes are comprised of Citizens, who are just common people, making up the basic population, but are separate from the other classes. "Thirds" are children who were allowed to be born. In this futuristic setting the novel takes place in. Families were only allowed to comprise of two children. However, in Ender Wiggen's case, the government believed that he was the missing link, the great commander who would lead Earth to victory against the dreaded "Buggers". Which Ender does achieve. Thirds, however, were shunned, picked on, and often left out because they were sought to be social out casts. "Launchies" were the newcomers to the Battle School. They were always about six years old, and were often the lackeys of the older children soldiers. Next came the platoon's. platoon's were the main fighting group, which was just the basic soldier, they had little respect from others as well as themselves. Platoon leaders however, were the more desired positions at the Battle School. They were the best of the soldiers, and were veterans. Chosen over a period of time, and flight reviewing were the Army Leaders. Each Army Leader was expected to act a certain way, hardened and wise, as well as strict. Those, who made it to Army Leader often graduated, and went to war against the Buggers. Above these classes were the political castes. They were often corrupt and misled individuals, who often made many important decisions. At others' expense they followed through with their decisions, such as with taking Ender away from his family to train in the military. Orson Scott Card is quoted saying about the government that "the followers are ignorant and stupid and easily fooled, and the leaders are exploitative and cynical, manipulating others' faith for their private benefit."(Card, pg. 2) Which the government in his novel was often portrayed doing to the general public. One instance of this was, when Ender was attacked by Bonzo and a few of the other boys.

E-Tourism in Sri Lanaka

E-Tourism In Sri Lanka E-Commerce Infrastructure University Collage Dublin Student Name: Madushanka W. H. M Student Number: 11294574 E-mail: madawa. [email  protected] com About Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka commonly known as the pearl of the Indian Ocean or as Ceylon is one of the exquisite Island in the world Sri Lanka set in the Indian Ocean in south Asia near to the equator which is a great home to 8 UNESCO world heritage sites.Not only that this great Island has unspoiled beaches, waterfalls, pure rivers, 15 national wildlife parks, lagoons with indigenous aquatic birds, 250 acres of botanical gardens, hot water wells and so many unique things. Because Sri Lanka is a multinational country; Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Moors, Indian Tamil, Sri Lankan Tamil, all these ethical groups lives in this small Island. Sri Lanka is a place where the original soul of Buddhism still flourishes (Buddhist 69. %) but it is not a problem to friendly people in this country becau se there are Muslims (7. 6%), Hindu (7. 1%), Christian (6. 2%) & some other religions people living happily within area of 65,610Km. Country has three main geological divisions. In the lowlands, up to an altitude of 100m to 150m, the mean annual temperature various between 26. 5 0C to 28. 5 0C. In the highlands, the temperature falls quickly as the altitude increases. The mean annual temperature of Nuwara Eliya, at 1800 m sea level, is 15. 9 0C.The coldest month of the country is January, and the warmest months are April and August. Agriculture plays an important role in Sri Lankan economy. Main agricultural product is rice but Tea, Rubber & coconut brings more foreign currency to the Island not only that but also Spices export brings foreign money as well. Sri Lanka's economy today is mainly based on the service and industrial sector. However Tourism and the related services industries are also growing in Sri Lanka. Madushanka W. H. M 11294574 madawa. [email  protected] com What is E-TourismWhen we consider about manual processes regarding tourism, there are so many things including air ticket or Cruise ticket reservation, hotel reservation not only that every person must need to obtain a permission before entering to a country (Visa). Just think if a tourist or travel agency had to do all those things manually; definitely it will take nearly one month or more. So E-tourism is the best option for all those time taken processes. It’s a combination of e-commerce and tourism & it helps to maximizing the efficiency of tourism sector.Tourism has closely been connected to progress of ICTs for over 30 years. The establishments of the Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs) in the 1970s, Global Distribution Systems (GDSs) in the late 1980s and the Internet in the late 1990s have transformed operational and strategic practices dramatically in tourism (Buhalis, 2003; Buhalis & Law, 2008). The tourism industry at first focused on utilizing computerized systems (e. g. , CRS, GDS) to increase efficiency in processing of internal information and managing distribution.Nowadays, the Internet and ICTs are relevant on all operative, structural, strategic and marketing levels to facilitate global interaction among suppliers, intermediaries and consumers around the world (Buhalis & Law, 2008; Egger & Buhalis, 2008). E-tourism is a really great concept because it includes business management, information systems & management and the tourism. As an example it has main electronic business functions such as e-commerce, e-marketing, e-accounting etc http://www. srilankan. aero/welcome. html? local e=en_us. ttp://www. srilankan. aero/welcome. html? local e=en_ushttp://www. srilankan. aero/welcome. ht ml? locale=en_ushttp://www. srilankan. aero/wel come. html? locale=en_us. srilankan. aero/welco me. html? locale=en_us http://www. starcruises. com/newweb/homepage. aspx Madushanka W. H. M 11294574 madawa. [email  protected] com Key Players In E-tourism E-tou rism provides great opportunities for numerous key players in tourism industry to expand their businesses. Also because of the E-tourism numbers of new players have come into the tourism industry.Mainly there are several key players; 1. 2. 3. 4. Airlines Hotels Tour operators 7 Travel Agencies Particular country(In here Sri Lanka) 1. Airlines When we considering about the airlines long time ago reservations were made by using a manual process. It’s a really time consuming work because reservations were made on manual display boards, where passengers were listed. Travel agencies had to locate the best routes and fares in manuals and then check availability and make reservation by phone, before issuing a ticket manually.World’s first automated reservation system called SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment) was introduced by American Airlines and IBM jointly during 1962. It enabled American Airlines to replace the handwritten passenger reservations system o f the 1950s with the automated reservations system for the future. Currently SABRE global distribution system is used by more than 400 airlines, 55,000 travel agencies, 88,000 hotels, 13 cruise lines & etc.In Sri Lanka currently Sri Lankan airlines has earned great revenue and won series of international and national awards in fields ranging from passenger transport to marketing and internet technology including Platinum Award from the International Air Transport Association as one of the first airlines in the world to introduce a major innovation to tickets. Madushanka W. H. M 11294574 madawa. [email  protected] com SriLankan Airlines made significant investments in technology during last year, the carrier contracted with Calidris(since acquired by Sabre Airline Solutions) to help ensure seats are not occupied by false or spurious bookings .The solution looks at business problems including: Ticket time limits, Fake names, Duplicate bookings and duplicate segments within a booking , Fake or duplicate ticket numbers. 2. Hotels One of the most important player in travel & tourism sector which has a long history, nearly 1300 years. World’s oldest hotel is â€Å"Hoshi Ryokan† which is founded in 717. Sri Lanka’s oldest hotel is â€Å"Galle Face Hotel† which was founded in 1864 by four British entrepreneurs. Now a day hotels in other words E-Hospitality plays major role in E-Tourism.During 1970s due to the airlines Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs) and ICT developments forced hotel industry to develop hotel CRSs in order to maintain good customer friendly environment with rapid response time to customer. By using CRSs in hotel sector, it’s enable travel & tourism trade to access accurate information on availability and to provide easy, inexpensive, efficient and reliable way of making and confirming reservations. Switch companies such as THISCO and WIZCOM emerged also to facilitate interconnectivity between dedicated or interna l hotel system and GDSs (Emmer etal. 1993; O’Connor, 1995, 1999) The development of switch companies Switch Companies CRSs/GDSs Madushanka W. H. M 11294574 madawa. [email  protected] com â€Å"Galileo† is one of the well-known CRS in the world which provide Hotel room reservations, Airline bookings etc. Galileo RoomMasterâ„ ¢ is supper solution by â€Å"Travelport† company which provides hotel shopping and booking solution. By purchasing Galileo RoomMasterâ„ ¢ it provides Galileo-connected subscribers with direct, real-time access to relevant hotel system for shopping and bookings of hotel’s properties.Also it enables to connect with more than 190,000 travel agency workstations, as well as corporate and consumer/ecommerce users throughout the world. Most of the Sri Lankan hotels also are now available for online reservations by using those systems & some of them are inbuilt solutions by the hotels. 3. Tour operators & Travel Agencies Tour operator s organizes, arranges leisure packages including flights & accommodation. They pre-book tourism products and distribute them through advertising in travel agencies.Major tour operators use internet based communication system in order to reduce information handling costs and to increase the speed of information transfer with agencies and the customers. Currently some of the established tour operator’s business are made, in other words packages are booked through online. Thomson Holidays is one of the world famous tour operator company which only accept reservation made through Thomson’s open-line Program (TOP). In Sri Lanka huge number of tour operators like JF tours, Miracle Sri Lanka, Nalro tours use Ecommerce based techniques to attract travelers & advertise about their packages. Madushanka W.H. M 11294574 madawa. [email  protected] com 4. Sri Lankan Government After 30 years of the civil war, tourism is one of the main considering areas of the Sri Lankan governmen t. As mentioned in previously, county has lot of tourist attractions. So currently government has invested in several areas to develop travel & tourism industry. Sri Lanka Tourism Board (SLTB) former Ceylon Tourist Board which is under the Ministry of Economic Development has the main responsibilities to develop country’s travel & tourism. As a country still Sri Lanka couldn’t reach up to good place in E-Tourism. but SLTB doing its best to improve E-tourism.They have an alliance with ICTA (Information and Communication Technology Association of Sri Lanka) to develop E-Tourism. Also SLTB re- launched their web site (http://www. srilankatourism. org/) with new look & currently Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau which is under SLTB trying to use the best technologies to promote about the Sri Lanka (http://www. srilanka. travel/). Social networking (Facebook icon) on the page Ministry of Economic development has long time tourism development strategy (20112016). They have mentioned use of the internet & E-commerce are key objectives to be achieved through the 5 year strategy.Madushanka W. H. M 11294574 madawa. [email  protected] com E-Tourism Benefits to Key Players 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Help to understand about the customers & help to build a good customer relationship. Make direct communication between customers. Ability to respond in quick and efficient way to customer. Reduces communication, advertising cost due to eMarketing. Help to increase interconnectivity among the key players. 24/7 of the business time Less of labors. E-Tourism Benefits to Customers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Can do the business directly without interpreters. Reduces time Accessible at any time Due to competition can obtain good ervice or great product at low price. Can know Up to date information. Wide range of selections. Ability to customize products or services. Online auctions. Future developments in E-Tourism E-tourism has reach to great place in the world but when con sidering with E-commerce there are so many ways which can develop. ? ? ? E-tourism in world or Sri Lanka, still haven’t any major developments in field of mobile, mobile advertising. So developing that kind of product will help to earn more revenue than now. When considering other online products travel & tourism sector need to more think about social networking.As a country Sri Lanka should need to develop several telecommunication technologies such as speed of the internet, wireless internet access etc. †¦ Madushanka W. H. M 11294574 madawa. [email  protected] com Bibliography 1. Department of Meteorology – Sri Lanka (2012) Climate in Sri Lanka [online], available: http://www. meteo. gov. lk/index. php? option=com_content=article=106 d=81=en [07 Feb 2012]. 2. Dodson, B (2011) ‘PEACOCK PROUD’, ascend, available: http://www. google. lk/url? sa=t=j=sabre%20in%20srilankan%20airlines= web=1=2=0CCgQFjAA=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. abreairlinesolutions. co m%2Fima ges%2Fuploads%2FPeacockProud_APR_2011. pdf=6Lk0T87BIYnPrQe13rC6 Dw=AFQjCNGqQUEN5z3krOlHuO4v41AcGRi3wA=rja [06 Feb 2012]. 3. Gartner, W. C, Lime, D. W. (2000) Trends in outdoor recreation, leisure, and tourism: New wave of technological evolution, London: CABI publishing. 4. Glowatz, M (2011) ‘Emerging Infrastructure Trends ’, E Commerce Infrastructure (SL), 9 Feb 2012, University Collage Dublin, Unpublished. 5. Hotelmule(2008)The development of switch companies[Image online], available: http://hotelmule. com/management/html/83/n-2183-9. html[06 Feb 2012]. 6. IBM